Python If Statements: If, Else, and Elif

Every useful program needs to make decisions. Python’s if statement is how you tell your code to do one thing or another depending on some condition — and once you understand if, elif, and else, you can handle just about any branching logic.

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What Are Comparison Operators in Python?

Before you write your first if statement, you need to know how to compare values. Boolean logic is the name for these kinds of comparison operations that always result in True or False.

Python gives you six comparison operators:

5 < 6   # True
5 > 6   # False
5 >= 6  # False
5 <= 6  # True
5 == 6  # False
5 != 6  # True

When a comparison happens, the result is just a boolean value that you can store in a variable. These two lines do the same thing:

is_bigger = 5 > 4
is_bigger = True

Because 5 is greater than 4, is_bigger is assigned the value of True. You can store comparisons in variables just like any other value.

How Do If Statements Work in Python?

An if statement lets you run code only when a condition is True:

if CONDITION:
    # this code runs only when CONDITION is True

For example:

def show_status(boss_health):
    if boss_health > 0:
        print("Ganondorf is alive!")
        return
    print("Ganondorf is unalive!")

If boss_health is greater than 0, the function prints "Ganondorf is alive!" and returns early. Otherwise, it prints "Ganondorf is unalive!".

Without that return in the if block, both messages would print when the boss is alive:

def show_status(boss_health):
    if boss_health > 0:
        print("Ganondorf is alive!")
    print("Ganondorf is unalive!")

That would output:

Ganondorf is alive!
Ganondorf is unalive!

Indentation is what tells Python whether code belongs to the if block or not. And don’t forget the colon (:) after your condition — it’s required.

How Does If/Else Work in Python?

An else block runs when the if condition is False. It gives you a clean two-way branch:

if score > high_score:
    print("High score beat!")
else:
    print("Better luck next time")

Some quick rules:

• You can’t have an else without an if
• You can have an if without an else

The else block is optional — but when you need exactly two branches, it’s cleaner than using a second if with the opposite condition. For simple two-way assignments, you can also use a ternary operator.

What Is Elif in Python?

elif stands for “else if”. It lets you chain multiple conditions together:

if score > high_score:
    print("High score beat!")
elif score > second_highest_score:
    print("You got second place!")
elif score > third_highest_score:
    print("You got third place!")
else:
    print("Better luck next time")

Python evaluates these top to bottom. The first condition that’s True has its body executed — and all the rest are skipped. If none of the if or elif conditions are True, the else block runs.

Here’s a practical example — a function that returns a player’s status:

def player_status(health):
    if health <= 0:
        return "dead"
    elif health <= 5:
        return "injured"
    else:
        return "healthy"

Order matters. If you checked health <= 5 first, dead players (with health 0 or below) would be called “injured” instead.

How Do You Combine Multiple Conditions With And and Or?

Sometimes one condition isn’t enough. Python’s and and or operators let you combine boolean expressions.

and returns True only if both sides are True:

def is_dog(num_legs, weight):
    return num_legs == 4 and weight < 100

Let’s trace through is_dog(4, 99):

return 4 == 4 and 99 < 100
return True and True
return True

And is_dog(3, 98):

return 3 == 4 and 98 < 100
return False and True
return False

or returns True if at least one side is True:

def is_car_cool(speed, is_electric):
    return speed > 200 or is_electric

You can use parentheses to control the order of operations, just like in math:

should_admit = (high_gpa and high_sat_score) or is_rich

What Are Guard Clauses in Python?

When you have multiple conditions that must all be true, it’s tempting to nest your if statements:

def check_conditions(condition_1, condition_2, condition_3):
    if condition_1:
        if not condition_2:
            if condition_3 > 1:
                return True
    return False

That’s hard to read. A better approach is to invert each condition and return early — these are called guard clauses:

def should_serve_drinks(age, is_working, time):
    if age < 21:
        return False
    if not is_working:
        return False
    if time < 5 or time > 10:
        return False
    return True

Each if block handles one reason to bail out. If you make it past all the guards, you know every condition was met. This pattern keeps your code flat and readable — no deeply nested indentation to parse.

One more thing: if statements don’t need an explicit comparison when checking booleans. These are identical:

if is_big:
    # ...

if is_big == True:
    # ...

Prefer the first — the == True is redundant.

What Should You Learn After Python Conditionals?

Now that you can make your programs branch and decide, the next big step is loops — running code repeatedly until a condition changes. Loops and conditionals together are the foundation of all control flow. You’ll also want to learn about lists soon, since loops and lists go hand in hand.

If you want to keep going through the full Python curriculum with hands-on exercises, check out the Learn to Code in Python course on Boot.dev.